diff --git a/resources/js/pages/admin/academic-classes/assignments/columns.tsx b/resources/js/pages/admin/academic-classes/assignments/columns.tsx
index 91f638b..37337d7 100644
--- a/resources/js/pages/admin/academic-classes/assignments/columns.tsx
+++ b/resources/js/pages/admin/academic-classes/assignments/columns.tsx
@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@ export function createAssignmentColumns(
         canViewSubmissions,
     } = params;
 
-    return [
+    const columns: ColumnDef<Assignment>[] = [
         {
             accessorKey: 'title',
             header: () => <span>Judul</span>,
@@ -96,7 +96,10 @@ export function createAssignmentColumns(
                 </div>
             ),
         },
-        {
+    ];
+
+    if (canViewSubmissions || canUpdate || canDelete) {
+        columns.push({
             id: 'actions',
             header: () => <span className="block text-center">Aksi</span>,
             meta: {
@@ -133,6 +136,8 @@ export function createAssignmentColumns(
                     />
                 );
             },
-        },
-    ];
+        });
+    }
+
+    return columns;
 }
diff --git a/resources/js/pages/admin/academic-classes/assignments/submissions.tsx b/resources/js/pages/admin/academic-classes/assignments/submissions.tsx
index efd341a..976c9e6 100644
--- a/resources/js/pages/admin/academic-classes/assignments/submissions.tsx
+++ b/resources/js/pages/admin/academic-classes/assignments/submissions.tsx
@@ -129,7 +129,10 @@ export default function SubmissionIndex({
                 <div className="text-center">{row.original.score ?? '-'}</div>
             ),
         },
-        {
+    ];
+
+    if (canUpdate || canDelete) {
+        columns.push({
             id: 'actions',
             header: () => <span className="block text-center">Aksi</span>,
             meta: {
@@ -156,8 +159,8 @@ export default function SubmissionIndex({
                     ]}
                 />
             ),
-        },
-    ];
+        });
+    }
 
     return (
         <>
diff --git a/resources/js/pages/admin/academic-classes/materials/columns.tsx b/resources/js/pages/admin/academic-classes/materials/columns.tsx
index cb3f8bf..8840764 100644
--- a/resources/js/pages/admin/academic-classes/materials/columns.tsx
+++ b/resources/js/pages/admin/academic-classes/materials/columns.tsx
@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@ export function createMaterialColumns(
 ): ColumnDef<Material>[] {
     const { handleEdit, handleDeleteClick, canUpdate, canDelete } = params;
 
-    return [
+    const columns: ColumnDef<Material>[] = [
         {
             accessorKey: 'meeting_number',
             header: () => <span className="block text-center">Pertemuan</span>,
@@ -86,7 +86,10 @@ export function createMaterialColumns(
                 );
             },
         },
-        {
+    ];
+
+    if (canUpdate || canDelete) {
+        columns.push({
             id: 'actions',
             header: () => <span className="block text-center">Aksi</span>,
             meta: {
@@ -117,6 +120,8 @@ export function createMaterialColumns(
                     />
                 );
             },
-        },
-    ];
+        });
+    }
+
+    return columns;
 }
diff --git a/resources/js/pages/admin/finances/tuition-invoices/columns.tsx b/resources/js/pages/admin/finances/tuition-invoices/columns.tsx
index 93d839f..8cade52 100644
--- a/resources/js/pages/admin/finances/tuition-invoices/columns.tsx
+++ b/resources/js/pages/admin/finances/tuition-invoices/columns.tsx
@@ -30,7 +30,7 @@ export function createTuitionInvoiceColumns(
         canViewPayments,
     } = params;
 
-    return [
+    const columns: ColumnDef<TuitionInvoice>[] = [
         {
             accessorKey: 'student.student_number',
             header: () => <span>Mahasiswa</span>,
@@ -126,7 +126,10 @@ export function createTuitionInvoiceColumns(
                 );
             },
         },
-        {
+    ];
+
+    if (canViewPayments || canUpdate || canDelete) {
+        columns.push({
             id: 'actions',
             header: () => <span className="block text-center">Aksi</span>,
             meta: {
@@ -163,6 +166,8 @@ export function createTuitionInvoiceColumns(
                     />
                 );
             },
-        },
-    ];
+        });
+    }
+
+    return columns;
 }
diff --git a/resources/js/pages/admin/finances/tuition-invoices/payments.tsx b/resources/js/pages/admin/finances/tuition-invoices/payments.tsx
index 476efbf..1f3f2ba 100644
--- a/resources/js/pages/admin/finances/tuition-invoices/payments.tsx
+++ b/resources/js/pages/admin/finances/tuition-invoices/payments.tsx
@@ -148,7 +148,10 @@ export default function TuitionPaymentIndex({ invoice, payments }: Props) {
                 );
             },
         },
-        {
+    ];
+
+    if (canUpdate || canDelete) {
+        columns.push({
             id: 'actions',
             header: () => <span className="block text-center">Aksi</span>,
             meta: {
@@ -175,8 +178,8 @@ export default function TuitionPaymentIndex({ invoice, payments }: Props) {
                     ]}
                 />
             ),
-        },
-    ];
+        });
+    }
 
     return (
         <>
diff --git a/resources/js/pages/admin/manage/announcements/columns.tsx b/resources/js/pages/admin/manage/announcements/columns.tsx
index 844d6dd..714f93c 100644
--- a/resources/js/pages/admin/manage/announcements/columns.tsx
+++ b/resources/js/pages/admin/manage/announcements/columns.tsx
@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ export function createAnnouncementColumns(
 ): ColumnDef<Announcement>[] {
     const { handleEdit, handleDeleteClick, canUpdate, canDelete } = params;
 
-    return [
+    const columns: ColumnDef<Announcement>[] = [
         {
             accessorKey: 'title',
             header: () => <span>Judul</span>,
@@ -71,7 +71,10 @@ export function createAnnouncementColumns(
             cell: ({ row }) =>
                 format(new Date(row.original.created_at), 'd MMM yyyy, HH:mm'),
         },
-        {
+    ];
+
+    if (canUpdate || canDelete) {
+        columns.push({
             id: 'actions',
             header: () => <span className="block text-center">Aksi</span>,
             meta: {
@@ -98,6 +101,8 @@ export function createAnnouncementColumns(
                     ]}
                 />
             ),
-        },
-    ];
+        });
+    }
+
+    return columns;
 }
diff --git a/resources/js/pages/admin/manage/course-classes/columns.tsx b/resources/js/pages/admin/manage/course-classes/columns.tsx
index fba81e6..60a6ca8 100644
--- a/resources/js/pages/admin/manage/course-classes/columns.tsx
+++ b/resources/js/pages/admin/manage/course-classes/columns.tsx
@@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ export function createCourseClassColumns(
         canViewEnrollments,
     } = params;
 
-    return [
+    const columns: ColumnDef<CourseClass>[] = [
         {
             accessorKey: 'course.name',
             header: () => <span>Mata Kuliah</span>,
@@ -90,7 +90,10 @@ export function createCourseClassColumns(
                 </div>
             ),
         },
-        {
+    ];
+
+    if (canViewEnrollments || canUpdate || canDelete) {
+        columns.push({
             id: 'actions',
             header: () => <span className="block text-center">Aksi</span>,
             meta: {
@@ -127,6 +130,8 @@ export function createCourseClassColumns(
                     />
                 );
             },
-        },
-    ];
+        });
+    }
+
+    return columns;
 }
diff --git a/resources/js/pages/admin/manage/course-classes/enrollments.tsx b/resources/js/pages/admin/manage/course-classes/enrollments.tsx
index 12d4640..d0753ea 100644
--- a/resources/js/pages/admin/manage/course-classes/enrollments.tsx
+++ b/resources/js/pages/admin/manage/course-classes/enrollments.tsx
@@ -82,7 +82,10 @@ export default function ClassEnrollmentIndex({
                     : '-';
             },
         },
-        {
+    ];
+
+    if (canDelete) {
+        columns.push({
             id: 'actions',
             header: () => <span className="block text-center">Aksi</span>,
             meta: {
@@ -103,8 +106,8 @@ export default function ClassEnrollmentIndex({
                     ]}
                 />
             ),
-        },
-    ];
+        });
+    }
 
     return (
         <>
diff --git a/resources/js/pages/admin/master/academic-terms/columns.tsx b/resources/js/pages/admin/master/academic-terms/columns.tsx
index 7ef8cdf..62978be 100644
--- a/resources/js/pages/admin/master/academic-terms/columns.tsx
+++ b/resources/js/pages/admin/master/academic-terms/columns.tsx
@@ -29,7 +29,7 @@ export function createAcademicTermColumns(
         canUpdateStatus,
     } = params;
 
-    return [
+    const columns: ColumnDef<AcademicTerm>[] = [
         {
             accessorKey: 'name',
             header: () => <span>Nama</span>,
@@ -89,7 +89,10 @@ export function createAcademicTermColumns(
                 );
             },
         },
-        {
+    ];
+
+    if (canUpdate || canDelete) {
+        columns.push({
             id: 'actions',
             header: () => <span className="block text-center">Aksi</span>,
             meta: {
@@ -120,6 +123,8 @@ export function createAcademicTermColumns(
                     />
                 );
             },
-        },
-    ];
+        });
+    }
+
+    return columns;
 }
diff --git a/resources/js/pages/admin/master/courses/columns.tsx b/resources/js/pages/admin/master/courses/columns.tsx
index 77ffc44..6bcbfde 100644
--- a/resources/js/pages/admin/master/courses/columns.tsx
+++ b/resources/js/pages/admin/master/courses/columns.tsx
@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@ export function createCourseColumns(
 ): ColumnDef<Course>[] {
     const { handleEdit, handleDeleteClick, canUpdate, canDelete } = params;
 
-    return [
+    const columns: ColumnDef<Course>[] = [
         {
             accessorKey: 'code',
             header: () => <span>Kode</span>,
@@ -73,7 +73,10 @@ export function createCourseColumns(
                 );
             },
         },
-        {
+    ];
+
+    if (canUpdate || canDelete) {
+        columns.push({
             id: 'actions',
             header: () => <span className="block text-center">Aksi</span>,
             meta: {
@@ -104,6 +107,8 @@ export function createCourseColumns(
                     />
                 );
             },
-        },
-    ];
+        });
+    }
+
+    return columns;
 }
diff --git a/resources/js/pages/admin/master/departments/columns.tsx b/resources/js/pages/admin/master/departments/columns.tsx
index ce1babf..2394106 100644
--- a/resources/js/pages/admin/master/departments/columns.tsx
+++ b/resources/js/pages/admin/master/departments/columns.tsx
@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@ export function createDepartmentColumns(
 ): ColumnDef<Department>[] {
     const { handleEdit, handleDeleteClick, canUpdate, canDelete } = params;
 
-    return [
+    const columns: ColumnDef<Department>[] = [
         {
             accessorKey: 'code',
             header: () => <span>Kode</span>,
@@ -55,7 +55,10 @@ export function createDepartmentColumns(
                 );
             },
         },
-        {
+    ];
+
+    if (canUpdate || canDelete) {
+        columns.push({
             id: 'actions',
             header: () => <span className="block text-center">Aksi</span>,
             meta: {
@@ -86,6 +89,8 @@ export function createDepartmentColumns(
                     />
                 );
             },
-        },
-    ];
+        });
+    }
+
+    return columns;
 }
diff --git a/resources/js/pages/admin/services/academic-advising-logs/columns.tsx b/resources/js/pages/admin/services/academic-advising-logs/columns.tsx
index db1de0e..cebb22a 100644
--- a/resources/js/pages/admin/services/academic-advising-logs/columns.tsx
+++ b/resources/js/pages/admin/services/academic-advising-logs/columns.tsx
@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@ export function createAcademicAdvisingLogColumns(
 ): ColumnDef<AcademicAdvisingLog>[] {
     const { handleEdit, handleDeleteClick, canUpdate, canDelete } = params;
 
-    return [
+    const columns: ColumnDef<AcademicAdvisingLog>[] = [
         {
             accessorKey: 'student.student_number',
             header: () => <span>Mahasiswa</span>,
@@ -72,7 +72,10 @@ export function createAcademicAdvisingLogColumns(
                     : '-';
             },
         },
-        {
+    ];
+
+    if (canUpdate || canDelete) {
+        columns.push({
             id: 'actions',
             header: () => <span className="block text-center">Aksi</span>,
             meta: {
@@ -99,6 +102,8 @@ export function createAcademicAdvisingLogColumns(
                     ]}
                 />
             ),
-        },
-    ];
+        });
+    }
+
+    return columns;
 }
diff --git a/resources/js/pages/admin/services/letter-requests/columns.tsx b/resources/js/pages/admin/services/letter-requests/columns.tsx
index d0745f0..c3d4329 100644
--- a/resources/js/pages/admin/services/letter-requests/columns.tsx
+++ b/resources/js/pages/admin/services/letter-requests/columns.tsx
@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ export function createLetterRequestColumns(
 ): ColumnDef<LetterRequest>[] {
     const { handleEdit, handleDeleteClick, canUpdate, canDelete } = params;
 
-    return [
+    const columns: ColumnDef<LetterRequest>[] = [
         {
             accessorKey: 'student.student_number',
             header: () => <span>Mahasiswa</span>,
@@ -132,7 +132,10 @@ export function createLetterRequestColumns(
                 );
             },
         },
-        {
+    ];
+
+    if (canUpdate || canDelete) {
+        columns.push({
             id: 'actions',
             header: () => <span className="block text-center">Aksi</span>,
             meta: {
@@ -159,6 +162,8 @@ export function createLetterRequestColumns(
                     ]}
                 />
             ),
-        },
-    ];
+        });
+    }
+
+    return columns;
 }
diff --git a/resources/js/pages/admin/users/administrators/columns.tsx b/resources/js/pages/admin/users/administrators/columns.tsx
index 881f3ba..6846813 100644
--- a/resources/js/pages/admin/users/administrators/columns.tsx
+++ b/resources/js/pages/admin/users/administrators/columns.tsx
@@ -38,7 +38,7 @@ export function createAdministratorColumns(
         canUpdateStatus,
     } = params;
 
-    return [
+    const columns: ColumnDef<Administrator>[] = [
         {
             accessorKey: 'profile.full_name',
             header: () => <span>Nama Lengkap</span>,
@@ -86,7 +86,10 @@ export function createAdministratorColumns(
                 />
             ),
         },
-        {
+    ];
+
+    if (canUpdate || canResetPassword || canDelete) {
+        columns.push({
             id: 'actions',
             header: () => <span className="block text-center">Aksi</span>,
             meta: {
@@ -123,6 +126,8 @@ export function createAdministratorColumns(
                     />
                 );
             },
-        },
-    ];
+        });
+    }
+
+    return columns;
 }
diff --git a/resources/js/pages/admin/users/lecturers/columns.tsx b/resources/js/pages/admin/users/lecturers/columns.tsx
index 6446291..d4c6998 100644
--- a/resources/js/pages/admin/users/lecturers/columns.tsx
+++ b/resources/js/pages/admin/users/lecturers/columns.tsx
@@ -41,7 +41,7 @@ export function createLecturerColumns(
         canUpdateStatus,
     } = params;
 
-    return [
+    const columns: ColumnDef<Lecturer>[] = [
         {
             id: 'identity',
             header: () => <span>NIDN</span>,
@@ -104,7 +104,10 @@ export function createLecturerColumns(
                 />
             ),
         },
-        {
+    ];
+
+    if (canUpdate || canResetPassword || canDelete) {
+        columns.push({
             id: 'actions',
             header: () => <span className="block text-center">Aksi</span>,
             meta: {
@@ -141,6 +144,8 @@ export function createLecturerColumns(
                     />
                 );
             },
-        },
-    ];
+        });
+    }
+
+    return columns;
 }
diff --git a/resources/js/pages/admin/users/students/columns.tsx b/resources/js/pages/admin/users/students/columns.tsx
index 0c79a59..b1ddae9 100644
--- a/resources/js/pages/admin/users/students/columns.tsx
+++ b/resources/js/pages/admin/users/students/columns.tsx
@@ -63,7 +63,7 @@ export function createStudentColumns(
         canUpdateAccountStatus,
     } = params;
 
-    return [
+    const columns: ColumnDef<Student>[] = [
         {
             id: 'identity',
             header: () => <span>NIM</span>,
@@ -143,7 +143,10 @@ export function createStudentColumns(
                 />
             ),
         },
-        {
+    ];
+
+    if (canUpdate || canResetPassword || canDelete) {
+        columns.push({
             id: 'actions',
             header: () => <span className="block text-center">Aksi</span>,
             meta: {
@@ -180,6 +183,8 @@ export function createStudentColumns(
                     />
                 );
             },
-        },
-    ];
+        });
+    }
+
+    return columns;
 }