diff --git a/app/Services/Manage/PurchaseService.php b/app/Services/Manage/PurchaseService.php
index 246bb42..c7699e3 100644
--- a/app/Services/Manage/PurchaseService.php
+++ b/app/Services/Manage/PurchaseService.php
@@ -12,6 +12,7 @@
 use App\Models\RawMaterialPrice;
 use App\Models\Supplier;
 use App\Models\User;
+use App\Services\Concerns\RunsInTransaction;
 use App\Services\Media\MediaService;
 use App\Services\System\PushNotificationService;
 use App\Support\Media\MediaPresenter;
@@ -19,11 +20,12 @@
 use Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Builder;
 use Illuminate\Support\Collection;
 use Illuminate\Support\Facades\DB;
-use Illuminate\Support\Facades\Log;
 use Illuminate\Validation\ValidationException;
 
 class PurchaseService
 {
+    use RunsInTransaction;
+
     private const MAX_PHOTOS = 1;
 
     public function __construct(
@@ -252,8 +254,8 @@ public function create(array $validated, User $user): Purchase
     {
         $isOwner = $user->can(Permission::OWNER_VERIFICATIONS_VERIFY->value);
 
-        try {
-            $purchase = DB::transaction(function () use ($validated, $user, $isOwner): Purchase {
+        $purchase = $this->runInTransaction(
+            function () use ($validated, $user, $isOwner): Purchase {
 
                 $draftItems = $this->draftItemsQuery($user)
                     ->lockForUpdate()
@@ -309,18 +311,9 @@ public function create(array $validated, User $user): Purchase
                 }
 
                 return $purchase;
-            });
-        } catch (ValidationException $e) {
-            throw $e;
-        } catch (\Throwable $e) {
-            Log::error('Gagal membuat pembelian: '.$e->getMessage(), [
-                'trace' => $e->getTraceAsString(),
-            ]);
-
-            throw ValidationException::withMessages([
-                'system' => 'Terjadi kesalahan pada server. Silakan laporkan masalah ini ke pihak terkait.',
-            ]);
-        }
+            },
+            'Gagal membuat pembelian',
+        );
 
         if (! $isOwner) {
             $this->notifyForPendingRequest(
@@ -340,8 +333,8 @@ public function update(Purchase $purchase, array $validated, User $user): void
         $isOwner = $user->can(Permission::OWNER_VERIFICATIONS_VERIFY->value);
         $purchase->load(['supplier', 'items.rawMaterialPrice.rawMaterial:id,name']);
 
-        try {
-            DB::transaction(function () use ($purchase, $validated, $user, $isOwner): void {
+        $this->runInTransaction(
+            function () use ($purchase, $validated, $user, $isOwner): void {
                 if ($isOwner) {
                     $payload = $this->buildPayloadFromValidated($validated);
                     $this->applyPayloadToPurchase($purchase, $payload);
@@ -366,18 +359,9 @@ public function update(Purchase $purchase, array $validated, User $user): void
                         $this->syncRequestPhotos($verificationRequest, $validated);
                     }
                 }
-            });
-        } catch (ValidationException $e) {
-            throw $e;
-        } catch (\Throwable $e) {
-            Log::error('Gagal memperbarui pembelian: '.$e->getMessage(), [
-                'trace' => $e->getTraceAsString(),
-            ]);
-
-            throw ValidationException::withMessages([
-                'system' => 'Terjadi kesalahan pada server. Silakan laporkan masalah ini ke pihak terkait.',
-            ]);
-        }
+            },
+            'Gagal memperbarui pembelian',
+        );
 
         if (! $isOwner) {
             $purchase->load('supplier');
@@ -404,27 +388,22 @@ public function delete(Purchase $purchase, User $user): void
 
         $purchase->load(['supplier', 'items.rawMaterialPrice.rawMaterial:id,name']);
 
-        try {
-            OwnerVerificationRequest::create([
-                'action' => OwnerVerificationAction::DELETE,
-                'status' => OwnerVerificationStatus::PENDING,
-                'subject_type' => Purchase::class,
-                'subject_id' => $purchase->id,
-                'submitted_by_id' => $user->id,
-                'payload' => [
-                    'old' => $this->snapshotPurchase($purchase),
-                    'new' => null,
-                ],
-            ]);
-        } catch (\Throwable $e) {
-            Log::error('Gagal mengajukan penghapusan belanja: '.$e->getMessage(), [
-                'trace' => $e->getTraceAsString(),
-            ]);
-
-            throw ValidationException::withMessages([
-                'system' => 'Terjadi kesalahan pada server. Silakan laporkan masalah ini ke pihak terkait.',
-            ]);
-        }
+        $this->runInTransaction(
+            function () use ($purchase, $user): void {
+                OwnerVerificationRequest::create([
+                    'action' => OwnerVerificationAction::DELETE,
+                    'status' => OwnerVerificationStatus::PENDING,
+                    'subject_type' => Purchase::class,
+                    'subject_id' => $purchase->id,
+                    'submitted_by_id' => $user->id,
+                    'payload' => [
+                        'old' => $this->snapshotPurchase($purchase),
+                        'new' => null,
+                    ],
+                ]);
+            },
+            'Gagal mengajukan penghapusan belanja',
+        );
 
         $purchase->load('supplier');
 
@@ -615,26 +594,32 @@ private function rejectCreate(OwnerVerificationRequest $verificationRequest): vo
             return;
         }
 
-        DB::transaction(function () use ($purchase): void {
-            $purchase->clearMediaCollection('photos');
-            $purchase->items()->delete();
-            $purchase->delete();
-        });
+        $this->runInTransaction(
+            function () use ($purchase): void {
+                $purchase->clearMediaCollection('photos');
+                $purchase->items()->delete();
+                $purchase->delete();
+            },
+            'Gagal menolak belanja',
+        );
     }
 
     private function executeDelete(Purchase $purchase): void
     {
-        DB::transaction(function () use ($purchase): void {
-            $purchase->load('items');
+        $this->runInTransaction(
+            function () use ($purchase): void {
+                $purchase->load('items');
 
-            foreach ($purchase->items as $item) {
-                $this->decrementStock($item);
-            }
+                foreach ($purchase->items as $item) {
+                    $this->decrementStock($item);
+                }
 
-            $purchase->clearMediaCollection('photos');
-            $purchase->items()->delete();
-            $purchase->delete();
-        });
+                $purchase->clearMediaCollection('photos');
+                $purchase->items()->delete();
+                $purchase->delete();
+            },
+            'Gagal menghapus belanja',
+        );
     }
 
     private function applyPayloadToPurchase(
@@ -642,38 +627,41 @@ private function applyPayloadToPurchase(
         array $payload,
         ?OwnerVerificationRequest $verificationRequest = null,
     ): void {
-        DB::transaction(function () use ($purchase, $payload, $verificationRequest): void {
-            $purchase->load('items');
+        $this->runInTransaction(
+            function () use ($purchase, $payload, $verificationRequest): void {
+                $purchase->load('items');
 
-            foreach ($purchase->items as $item) {
-                $this->decrementStock($item);
-            }
+                foreach ($purchase->items as $item) {
+                    $this->decrementStock($item);
+                }
 
-            $purchase->items()->delete();
+                $purchase->items()->delete();
 
-            foreach ($payload['items'] ?? [] as $itemData) {
-                $purchaseItem = $purchase->items()->create([
-                    'raw_material_price_id' => $itemData['raw_material_price_id'],
-                    'quantity' => $itemData['quantity'],
-                    'unit_price' => $itemData['unit_price'],
-                    'subtotal' => $itemData['subtotal'],
+                foreach ($payload['items'] ?? [] as $itemData) {
+                    $purchaseItem = $purchase->items()->create([
+                        'raw_material_price_id' => $itemData['raw_material_price_id'],
+                        'quantity' => $itemData['quantity'],
+                        'unit_price' => $itemData['unit_price'],
+                        'subtotal' => $itemData['subtotal'],
+                    ]);
+                    $this->incrementStock($purchaseItem);
+                }
+
+                $purchase->update([
+                    'supplier_id' => $payload['supplier_id'],
+                    'subtotal' => $payload['subtotal'],
+                    'discount' => $payload['discount'],
+                    'shipping_cost' => $payload['shipping_cost'],
+                    'total' => $payload['total'],
+                    'notes' => $payload['notes'] ?? null,
                 ]);
-                $this->incrementStock($purchaseItem);
-            }
 
-            $purchase->update([
-                'supplier_id' => $payload['supplier_id'],
-                'subtotal' => $payload['subtotal'],
-                'discount' => $payload['discount'],
-                'shipping_cost' => $payload['shipping_cost'],
-                'total' => $payload['total'],
-                'notes' => $payload['notes'] ?? null,
-            ]);
-
-            if ($verificationRequest !== null) {
-                $this->applyRequestPhotos($verificationRequest, $purchase, $payload);
-            }
-        });
+                if ($verificationRequest !== null) {
+                    $this->applyRequestPhotos($verificationRequest, $purchase, $payload);
+                }
+            },
+            'Gagal memperbarui belanja',
+        );
     }
 
     private function snapshotPurchase(Purchase $purchase): array
diff --git a/tests/Feature/Admin/Manage/PurchaseTest.php b/tests/Feature/Admin/Manage/PurchaseTest.php
index 62bbd83..eb95ef6 100644
--- a/tests/Feature/Admin/Manage/PurchaseTest.php
+++ b/tests/Feature/Admin/Manage/PurchaseTest.php
@@ -339,3 +339,418 @@ function approveLatestPurchaseVerificationRequest(User $verifier): OwnerVerifica
         );
     });
 });
+
+// ─── Index ────────────────────────────────────────────────
+
+describe('Purchase Index', function () {
+    test('authenticated user with permission can view purchase index', function () {
+        $user = createPurchaseUserWithPermission(PermissionEnum::PURCHASES_VIEW);
+
+        $this->actingAs($user)
+            ->get(route('admin.manage.purchases.index'))
+            ->assertOk();
+    });
+
+    test('guest is redirected to login', function () {
+        $this->get(route('admin.manage.purchases.index'))
+            ->assertRedirect(route('login'));
+    });
+
+    test('user without permission is forbidden', function () {
+        $user = User::factory()->create();
+
+        $this->actingAs($user)
+            ->get(route('admin.manage.purchases.index'))
+            ->assertForbidden();
+    });
+
+    test('index can search purchases by supplier name', function () {
+        $user = createPurchaseUserWithPermission(PermissionEnum::PURCHASES_VIEW);
+
+        $supplier = Supplier::factory()->create(['name' => 'Supplier Kain']);
+        $purchase = Purchase::factory()->create(['supplier_id' => $supplier->id, 'created_by_id' => $user->id]);
+
+        $this->actingAs($user)
+            ->get(route('admin.manage.purchases.index', ['search' => 'Kain']))
+            ->assertOk();
+    });
+});
+
+// ─── Create ───────────────────────────────────────────────
+
+describe('Purchase Create', function () {
+    test('authenticated user with permission can view create form', function () {
+        $user = createPurchaseUserWithPermission(PermissionEnum::PURCHASES_VIEW, PermissionEnum::PURCHASES_CREATE);
+
+        $this->actingAs($user)
+            ->get(route('admin.manage.purchases.create'))
+            ->assertOk();
+    });
+
+    test('guest is redirected to login', function () {
+        $this->get(route('admin.manage.purchases.create'))
+            ->assertRedirect(route('login'));
+    });
+
+    test('user without create permission is forbidden', function () {
+        $user = createPurchaseUserWithPermission(PermissionEnum::PURCHASES_VIEW);
+
+        $this->actingAs($user)
+            ->get(route('admin.manage.purchases.create'))
+            ->assertForbidden();
+    });
+});
+
+// ─── Store Validation ─────────────────────────────────────
+
+describe('Purchase Store Validation', function () {
+    test('supplier_id is required', function () {
+        $user = createPurchaseUserWithPermission(PermissionEnum::PURCHASES_VIEW, PermissionEnum::PURCHASES_CREATE);
+
+        $price = RawMaterialPrice::factory()->create();
+
+        $this->actingAs($user)
+            ->postJson(route('admin.manage.purchases.draft_items.store'), [
+                'raw_material_price_id' => $price->id,
+                'quantity' => 2,
+            ])
+            ->assertOk();
+
+        $this->actingAs($user)
+            ->post(route('admin.manage.purchases.store'), [
+                'supplier_id' => '',
+                'discount' => 0,
+                'shipping_cost' => 0,
+            ])
+            ->assertSessionHasErrors('supplier_id');
+    });
+
+    test('supplier must exist', function () {
+        $user = createPurchaseUserWithPermission(PermissionEnum::PURCHASES_VIEW, PermissionEnum::PURCHASES_CREATE);
+
+        $price = RawMaterialPrice::factory()->create();
+
+        $this->actingAs($user)
+            ->postJson(route('admin.manage.purchases.draft_items.store'), [
+                'raw_material_price_id' => $price->id,
+                'quantity' => 2,
+            ])
+            ->assertOk();
+
+        $this->actingAs($user)
+            ->post(route('admin.manage.purchases.store'), [
+                'supplier_id' => 99999,
+                'discount' => 0,
+                'shipping_cost' => 0,
+            ])
+            ->assertSessionHasErrors('supplier_id');
+    });
+
+    test('store fails without draft items', function () {
+        $user = createPurchaseUserWithPermission(PermissionEnum::PURCHASES_VIEW, PermissionEnum::PURCHASES_CREATE);
+        $supplier = Supplier::factory()->create();
+
+        $this->actingAs($user)
+            ->post(route('admin.manage.purchases.store'), [
+                'supplier_id' => $supplier->id,
+                'discount' => 0,
+                'shipping_cost' => 0,
+            ])
+            ->assertSessionHasErrors('items');
+    });
+});
+
+// ─── Edit ─────────────────────────────────────────────────
+
+describe('Purchase Edit', function () {
+    test('authenticated user with permission can view edit form', function () {
+        $user = createPurchaseUserWithPermission(PermissionEnum::PURCHASES_VIEW, PermissionEnum::PURCHASES_CREATE, PermissionEnum::PURCHASES_UPDATE);
+        $verifier = createPurchaseVerifierUser();
+
+        $supplier = Supplier::factory()->create();
+        $price = RawMaterialPrice::factory()->create(['stock' => 10]);
+
+        $this->actingAs($user)
+            ->postJson(route('admin.manage.purchases.draft_items.store'), [
+                'raw_material_price_id' => $price->id,
+                'quantity' => 2,
+            ])
+            ->assertOk();
+
+        $this->actingAs($user)
+            ->post(route('admin.manage.purchases.store'), [
+                'supplier_id' => $supplier->id,
+                'discount' => 0,
+                'shipping_cost' => 0,
+            ]);
+
+        approveLatestPurchaseVerificationRequest($verifier);
+
+        $purchase = Purchase::query()->latest()->firstOrFail();
+
+        $this->actingAs($user)
+            ->get(route('admin.manage.purchases.edit', $purchase))
+            ->assertOk();
+    });
+
+    test('guest is redirected to login', function () {
+        $purchase = Purchase::factory()->create();
+
+        $this->get(route('admin.manage.purchases.edit', $purchase))
+            ->assertRedirect(route('login'));
+    });
+
+    test('user without update permission is forbidden', function () {
+        $user = createPurchaseUserWithPermission(PermissionEnum::PURCHASES_VIEW);
+        $purchase = Purchase::factory()->create();
+
+        $this->actingAs($user)
+            ->get(route('admin.manage.purchases.edit', $purchase))
+            ->assertForbidden();
+    });
+});
+
+// ─── Update Validation ────────────────────────────────────
+
+describe('Purchase Update Validation', function () {
+    test('items is required on update', function () {
+        $user = createPurchaseUserWithPermission(PermissionEnum::PURCHASES_VIEW, PermissionEnum::PURCHASES_CREATE, PermissionEnum::PURCHASES_UPDATE);
+        $verifier = createPurchaseVerifierUser();
+
+        $supplier = Supplier::factory()->create();
+        $price = RawMaterialPrice::factory()->create(['stock' => 10]);
+
+        $this->actingAs($user)
+            ->postJson(route('admin.manage.purchases.draft_items.store'), [
+                'raw_material_price_id' => $price->id,
+                'quantity' => 2,
+            ])
+            ->assertOk();
+
+        $this->actingAs($user)
+            ->post(route('admin.manage.purchases.store'), [
+                'supplier_id' => $supplier->id,
+                'discount' => 0,
+                'shipping_cost' => 0,
+            ]);
+
+        approveLatestPurchaseVerificationRequest($verifier);
+
+        $purchase = Purchase::query()->latest()->firstOrFail();
+
+        $this->actingAs($user)
+            ->put(route('admin.manage.purchases.update', $purchase), [
+                'supplier_id' => $supplier->id,
+                'discount' => 0,
+                'shipping_cost' => 0,
+                'items' => [],
+            ])
+            ->assertSessionHasErrors('items');
+    });
+});
+
+// ─── Destroy ──────────────────────────────────────────────
+
+describe('Purchase Destroy', function () {
+    test('guest cannot delete a purchase', function () {
+        $purchase = Purchase::factory()->create();
+
+        $this->delete(route('admin.manage.purchases.destroy', $purchase))
+            ->assertRedirect(route('login'));
+    });
+
+    test('user without delete permission is forbidden', function () {
+        $user = createPurchaseUserWithPermission(PermissionEnum::PURCHASES_VIEW);
+        $purchase = Purchase::factory()->create();
+
+        $this->actingAs($user)
+            ->delete(route('admin.manage.purchases.destroy', $purchase))
+            ->assertForbidden();
+    });
+});
+
+// ─── Owner Direct Actions ──────────────────────────────────
+
+describe('Owner Direct Actions', function () {
+    test('owner can create purchase directly and increments stock', function () {
+        $owner = createPurchaseUserWithPermission(
+            PermissionEnum::PURCHASES_VIEW,
+            PermissionEnum::PURCHASES_CREATE,
+            PermissionEnum::OWNER_VERIFICATIONS_VERIFY,
+        );
+
+        $supplier = Supplier::factory()->create();
+        $price = RawMaterialPrice::factory()->create(['stock' => 10]);
+
+        $this->actingAs($owner)
+            ->postJson(route('admin.manage.purchases.draft_items.store'), [
+                'raw_material_price_id' => $price->id,
+                'quantity' => 3,
+            ])
+            ->assertOk();
+
+        $this->actingAs($owner)
+            ->post(route('admin.manage.purchases.store'), [
+                'supplier_id' => $supplier->id,
+                'discount' => 0,
+                'shipping_cost' => 0,
+            ])
+            ->assertRedirect(route('admin.manage.purchases.index'));
+
+        $purchase = Purchase::query()->latest()->first();
+
+        expect($purchase)->not->toBeNull();
+
+        $this->assertDatabaseMissing('owner_verification_requests', [
+            'subject_id' => $purchase->id,
+            'subject_type' => Purchase::class,
+        ]);
+
+        expect((float) $price->fresh()->stock)->toBe(13.0);
+    });
+
+    test('owner can delete purchase directly and decrements stock', function () {
+        $owner = createPurchaseUserWithPermission(
+            PermissionEnum::PURCHASES_VIEW,
+            PermissionEnum::PURCHASES_CREATE,
+            PermissionEnum::PURCHASES_DELETE,
+            PermissionEnum::OWNER_VERIFICATIONS_VERIFY,
+        );
+
+        $supplier = Supplier::factory()->create();
+        $price = RawMaterialPrice::factory()->create(['stock' => 10]);
+
+        $this->actingAs($owner)
+            ->postJson(route('admin.manage.purchases.draft_items.store'), [
+                'raw_material_price_id' => $price->id,
+                'quantity' => 3,
+            ])
+            ->assertOk();
+
+        $this->actingAs($owner)
+            ->post(route('admin.manage.purchases.store'), [
+                'supplier_id' => $supplier->id,
+                'discount' => 0,
+                'shipping_cost' => 0,
+            ]);
+
+        expect((float) $price->fresh()->stock)->toBe(13.0);
+
+        $purchase = Purchase::query()->latest()->firstOrFail();
+
+        $this->actingAs($owner)
+            ->delete(route('admin.manage.purchases.destroy', $purchase))
+            ->assertRedirect(route('admin.manage.purchases.index'));
+
+        expect(Purchase::query()->whereKey($purchase->id)->exists())->toBeFalse();
+        expect((float) $price->fresh()->stock)->toBe(10.0);
+    });
+});
+
+// ─── Purchase Model ────────────────────────────────────────
+
+describe('Purchase Model', function () {
+    test('purchase uses soft deletes', function () {
+        $purchase = Purchase::factory()->create();
+
+        $purchase->delete();
+
+        expect($purchase->trashed())->toBeTrue();
+    });
+
+    test('purchase has amounts cast to integer', function () {
+        $purchase = Purchase::factory()->create([
+            'subtotal' => 100000,
+            'discount' => 5000,
+            'shipping_cost' => 10000,
+            'total' => 105000,
+        ]);
+
+        expect($purchase->subtotal)->toBeInt();
+        expect($purchase->discount)->toBeInt();
+        expect($purchase->shipping_cost)->toBeInt();
+        expect($purchase->total)->toBeInt();
+    });
+
+    test('purchase has formatted amount accessors', function () {
+        $purchase = Purchase::factory()->create([
+            'subtotal' => 100000,
+            'discount' => 5000,
+            'shipping_cost' => 10000,
+            'total' => 105000,
+        ]);
+
+        expect($purchase->subtotal_formatted)->toBe('Rp 100.000');
+        expect($purchase->discount_formatted)->toBe('Rp 5.000');
+        expect($purchase->shipping_cost_formatted)->toBe('Rp 10.000');
+        expect($purchase->total_formatted)->toBe('Rp 105.000');
+    });
+
+    test('purchase belongs to supplier', function () {
+        $supplier = Supplier::factory()->create();
+        $purchase = Purchase::factory()->create(['supplier_id' => $supplier->id]);
+
+        expect($purchase->supplier)->not->toBeNull();
+        expect($purchase->supplier->id)->toBe($supplier->id);
+    });
+
+    test('purchase belongs to created by user', function () {
+        $user = User::factory()->create();
+        $purchase = Purchase::factory()->create(['created_by_id' => $user->id]);
+
+        expect($purchase->createdBy)->not->toBeNull();
+        expect($purchase->createdBy->id)->toBe($user->id);
+    });
+
+    test('purchase can have items', function () {
+        $purchase = Purchase::factory()->create();
+        PurchaseItem::factory()->count(3)->create(['purchase_id' => $purchase->id]);
+
+        expect($purchase->fresh()->items)->toHaveCount(3);
+    });
+});
+
+// ─── PurchaseItem Model ────────────────────────────────────
+
+describe('PurchaseItem Model', function () {
+    test('purchase item has amounts cast to integer', function () {
+        $purchase = Purchase::factory()->create();
+        $item = PurchaseItem::factory()->create([
+            'purchase_id' => $purchase->id,
+            'unit_price' => 50000,
+            'subtotal' => 100000,
+        ]);
+
+        expect($item->unit_price)->toBeInt();
+        expect($item->subtotal)->toBeInt();
+    });
+
+    test('purchase item has formatted amount accessors', function () {
+        $purchase = Purchase::factory()->create();
+        $item = PurchaseItem::factory()->create([
+            'purchase_id' => $purchase->id,
+            'unit_price' => 50000,
+            'subtotal' => 100000,
+        ]);
+
+        expect($item->unit_price_formatted)->toBe('Rp 50.000');
+        expect($item->subtotal_formatted)->toBe('Rp 100.000');
+    });
+
+    test('purchase item belongs to purchase', function () {
+        $purchase = Purchase::factory()->create();
+        $item = PurchaseItem::factory()->create(['purchase_id' => $purchase->id]);
+
+        expect($item->purchase)->not->toBeNull();
+        expect($item->purchase->id)->toBe($purchase->id);
+    });
+
+    test('purchase item uses soft deletes', function () {
+        $purchase = Purchase::factory()->create();
+        $item = PurchaseItem::factory()->create(['purchase_id' => $purchase->id]);
+
+        $item->delete();
+
+        expect($item->trashed())->toBeTrue();
+    });
+});